The theory practice gap stands as the gordian knot of educational administration. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the behaviour of the manager and how they treat their team. A theory y manager, according to mcgregor, is one who assumes that employees are happy to work, are creative, and enjoy taking on additional duties. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory x management still persists in practice. The x and the y theories of management introduction management styles can generally be defined as the manner in which managers or a leader in an organization or studentshare our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done. The theory x management bases its style on scientific management principles originating from the work of frederick taylor in the 1930s. Nov 30, 2003 management theory and practice provides a clear and concise introduction to the theory and practice of management as required by those studying an introductory management course. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. The theory z was invented by the american economist and management professor william ouchi, following the x and y theory by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s.
Define and discuss the different theories of management, using practical examples from your experience or knowledge. In the human side of enterprise mcgregor recognised that theory y was not a panacea for all ills. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee motivation. He explained the role of human behaviour in production and also highlighted the importance of communication between the workers and the management. This paper argues that theory y managers are the effective leaders who could fulfill the psychological contract of employees. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations.
Theory x suggests that human beings have an inherent dislike of work and need to be controlled and directed if they are to achieve objectives. Mcgregors xy theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. The experts have presented different management theories for the successful running of organization. Theory y does not always work for most companies e. These people are generally uncomfortable in x theory situations and are unlikely to be productive, especially longterm, and are likely to seek alternative situations. Now in its sixth edition, this book is established as one of the best selling introductions to the ideas and developments that form the basis of the study of management. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. This leads to autocratic and paternalistic management styles. He was of the view that production depends on the way people are treated. Define and discuss the different theories of management. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. International journal of business and management tomorrow vol. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.
This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable. A theory y management style seeks to establish a working environment in which the personal needs and objectives of individuals can relate to, and harmonise with, the objectives of the organisation. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Academics develop and re ne theory while managers engage in practice.
To accomplish this, we use principles and concepts derived from systems theory. Nevertheless, theory z essentially advocates a combination of all thats best about theory y and modern japanese management, which places a large amount of freedom and trust with workers, and assumes that workers have a strong loyalty and interest in teamworking and. Human relations theory elton mayo elton mayo is widely recognized as the father of human relations theory. Abstract this paper examines the systems theory of.
Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation. Implications of theory x and theory y quite a few organizations use theory x today. Theory z from the 1981 book by william ouchi theory z. Difference between fayol and taylor theory of management. Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. Within a modern day organizational framework, contemporary management issues in the likes of the way to manage, is a key decision making factor. Aug 27, 2011 the challenge for management with theory y workers is to create a working environment or culture where workers can show and develop their creativity.
Management style and control in a theory x organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is retained, whilst in theory y, the management style is participative. Sep 09, 2015 practical applications of management theories. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. The difference between fayol and taylors theory of management, are explained in the points presented below. Theory x and y are 2 contrasting employee motivation and organizational development models developed by douglas mcgregor. Compare classical management theory to any contemporary nowadays we have new implementing plans for management. Friedman and karen neuman allen 3 b iopsychosocial assessment and the development of appropriate intervention strategies for a particular client require consideration of the individual in relation to a larger social context. Maslow and management theory maslows insights on management have gone global. Managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. Theory y managers may have a harder time keeping employees in line.
These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Douglas mcgregor first proposed dividing management styles into theory x and y in 1960 while working at mits sloan school of management. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. It implies that employees are reluctant to organizational changes. In short, there is a theory practice divide, or gap english, 2002. Page 1 organization and management theory in public vs. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. The theory z was introduced in the 1980s by william ouchi as the japanese consensus style. Tata mcgrawhill education, 1995 production management 681 pages. Theory x assumes humans inherently dislike working and will try to avoid it if they can. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Management implications of theory y motivation leadership. The latter theory has a much more positive view about employees and it is suggested that the employer is under a lot less pressure than one who is influenced by the management style of theory x. People management in organizational behaviour ob found importance from older days.
Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Furthermore, there is a call for the investigation of the relationship between theory x and y management styles and lmx. This quick test provides a broad indication as to management style and individual. I would like to apply the same theories in education describing. Theory y in contrast is related to a more participative style of management where employees are actively encouraged to be involved in the decisionmaking processes within the organization. Second, if its a truism to say that every management approach is based implicitly on psychologythat is, on a. Implications of theory x and theory y implications of. In this article we will discuss about the graicunas theory on the span of management. Graicunas a french management consultant, made a study on superiorsubordinate relationship, however, not based on empirical observations. Theory and problems in production and operations management. It isnt as simple as just saying that either theory x or theory y is the right theory.
Managers who adhere to theory y include their employees in the decisionmaking process and encourage creativity at all levels. Graicunas theory on the span of management theories. Theory y is difficult to implement on the work floor of a large mass production operation, but can be used by managing professionals. Theories of management are very important for any business and organization. He suggested that management could use either set of needs to motivate employees, but better results would be gained by the use of theory y, rather than theory x. His work is ased upon maslows hierarchy of needs, in that he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Bulletin daily paper 0107 by western communications. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Some of the most popular management theories that are applied nowadays are systems theory, contingency theory, theory x and theory y, and the scientific management theory.
Comparing theory x and theory y human resource management. Six theories of management with modern management practices. Curious cat management encyclopedia, glossary, dictionary. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Private organizations wasim i alhabil is an assistant professor working at the college of commerce in the islamic university of gaza. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory and practice is intended as a rigorous, but readable, coverage of contemporary theories and concepts in key human resources activities such as recruitment and selection, appraisal, training and development rewards management. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Jan 29, 2018 w ith employee disengagement remaining at very high levels in america as well as globally, and growth in significant new scientific findings that shed light on conditions necessary for human flourishing, its time to reconsider management theory and our approach to maximizing the performance of individuals and organizations.
The purpose of this paper is to examine theories concerning the motivation of workers. Theory x and theory y are considered as theories of human motivation at the workplace. From the above it seems then an obvious choice for managers is to follow a theory y management style rather than a theory x one and achieve better overall results. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. He developed a mathematical formula to analyse this relationship. There is a general tendency for concepts and management approaches to change with time. T y gart travis tygart, an antidoping w ants to k now h o w a r m zealot with a vendetta against strong so skillfully eluded testhim, even as the agency reing positive for banned drugs leased. Yet, this view which was adopted by many is to misunderstand what mcgregor was trying to achieve. He suggested that the number of possible relationships increases with the.
Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. Decentralization and allocation if organizations decentralize control and moderate the quantity of levels of management. Management theories how modern organizations manage people. Key differences between fayol and taylors theory of management. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Theory y management style supposes that people in the work force are internally motivated, enjoy their labor in the company, and work to better themselves without a direct reward in return. Explain the setting in which management theory first developed. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Theory y posits that employees are selfmotivated, responsible, and want to take ownership of their work. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people.
Both theories x and y are proposed by mcgregor which describe the workforce models which are contrasting in nature and which are used by reporting managers in organizational behaviour and human resources at a typical workplace. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory x and y achieving a clear understanding of human nature is important when managing people on a work place. Management, leadership, classical management theories, scientific management theory, administrative theory, bureaucratic theory background management is the most important part of any organization. Theory y works well with these companies because it is based on using creativity, having great responsibility and getting rewards. Theory x and theory y team management training from. How american management can meet the japanese challenge. Mcgregor considers theory x and theory y as two different continua in themselves, they are not different ends of the same continuum. In contrast to theory x, or the conventional approach to management, mcgregor. Jul 17, 2011 in other words, theory y managers trust their employees to get what needs to be done, done, and they dont always tell them what to do.
This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Origin and theoretical basis of new public management. Dec 25, 20 theory y assumes that people are selfmotivated, and thrive on responsibility. Management involves employees in decision making, but retains power to implement decisions. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory y can promote a more informal work environment, which can blur the line between a manager and an employee. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s.
In other words, theory y managers trust their employees to get what needs to be done, done, and they dont always tell them what to do. In practice, small businesses tend to operate on theory y while large businesses tend to operate on theory x. Theory y sees work as a natural part of life from which people gain a sense of satisfaction. The scientific approach taylor was the founder of the scientific approach to management, which focused on. Lecture topics general human behavior person to person interchanges ref. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor.
Motivational components of theory z management philosophy e. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Transactional analysis text, im ok youre ok, thomas a. This comment suggests that theory and practice are regarded as separate aspects of educational leadership and management. Theory x encourages use of tight control and supervision. Pdf scientific management theory vs human relation theory. Basically the book examined what management concepts japan had used to succeed and how those concepts could be applied in america. Thus, when two literatures are examined conjointly, a relationship between theory x and y management styles and lmx is expected kopelman et al.
Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of. Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. The required management style in this model would be authoritarian and hard. Management style and control in a theory x organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is retained, while in theory y, the management style involves employees in decision making, but retains power to implement decisions. Theory x and theory y business management techniques. In this reading, we will discuss taylors management approach and other early management theories, and then move on to more modern approaches. These ideas are called as six theories of management. Introduction to management theory the manager central element of management manager man ager helps subordinants abilities to mature or causes employees to grow old earlier. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. The 11 most important management theories for small.
After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. This theory was developed by douglas mcgregor in 1950s at mit. History of management thought the evolution of management theory upon completing this chapter, you should be able to. He suggested that management could use either theories to motivate employees in most other cases, but would gain better results using theory y rather than theory x, because x appeals to higher level needs. Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace. Therefore, psychological contract fulfillment is closely related to theory y managements style. Although these management theories were developed ages ago, they help in creating interconnected work environments where employees and employers work handinhand. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. May 15, 2017 if theory y embraces, the organisation can accurately perform several elements to attach the motivational dynamism of its employees. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques.
He argued that western organisations could learn from their japanese counterparts. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. In the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theory x and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Henry fayol is a father of modern management who enunciated fourteen principles of management, for improving overall administration. Car factories because they are always creating the same product at the same standard witch do not cause you to use your creativity. Theory x and theory y explain the nature of humans performance in the work place. Theory z is also often referred to as the japanese management style. No any organization can achieve its objectives without proper management. Howard department of engineeringeconomic systems, stanford university, stanford, california 94305 decision analysis stands on a foundation of hundreds of years of philosophical and practical. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees.
It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. The conventional conception of managements task in harnessing human en ergy to organizational. The systems theory of management in modern day organizations a study of aldgate congress resort limited port harcourt chikere, cornell c. Here is the list of different types of management theories are discussed in details. X, y and z theories of management by blanca cadena on prezi.
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